AviTrader sponsorship ad

From Reactive to Predictive Practices

A330neo flight deck (c) Shutterstock

The Evolution of Aircraft Component Maintenance

By David Dundas

Ever since the first days of powered fight, aircraft component maintenance has changed almost beyond recognition. From rudimentary inspections in early aviation to today’s sophisticated predictive maintenance systems, the evolution reflects advancements in materials, technology, safety standards, and operational efficiency. Here we want to trace the development of aircraft component maintenance and highlight the key milestones that have shaped this sector of the commercial aviation industry.

From reactive to preventative maintenance

In the early 20th century, aircraft maintenance functioned on a primarily reactive basis. In simple terms, maintenance activities were carried out after a component failed or there was considerable visible wear and tear. Pilots and mechanics relied on rudimentary tools and limited personal experience to inspect aircraft and carry out any necessary repairs to components. The lack of formal standards and little or no documentation often led to inconsistent practices and dramatically compromised safety. However, that was to change dramatically with the onset of the First World War.

While the war between the Turks and Italians in 1911 saw the first use of aircraft in combat, the First World War, or The Great War as it is also known, was the first global conflict that involved aircraft. Initially those used were unarmed and flown for reconnaissance purposes, but during the build-up to the war and the first year, manufacture of combat biplanes became paramount. With their manufacture came a volume of aircraft and the requirement for constant maintenance and upkeep, repairs and replacement of parts after almost every flight. While repairs were intended to keep aircraft airworthy, strict maintenance procedures were introduced in order to minimise the risks of mechanical and structural failure during combat.

In the post-war period during the 1930s, both commercial and military aviation developed scheduled preventative maintenance programmes, for the first time adopting a more proactive as opposed to reactive maintenance and upkeep strategy.

The introduction of preventive maintenance

Post-Second World War commercial airlines had developed much more robust time-based maintenance schedules which required that specific aircraft components be inspected and/or replaced after a specific number of flight hours or cycles had been completed. These more effective and rigorous practices were formalised with the establishment of aviation authorities such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States in 1958, and the UK equivalent, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) in 1970.

It was during this period that the concept of Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) and appropriate facilities also emerged. These facilities centralised maintenance operations, enabling more thorough inspections and overhauls of critical components such as engines, landing gear, and avionics systems. Such dramatic changes to the ‘behind the scenes’ operations had become a critical element of commercial aviation through the increasing complexity in design and structure of commercial aircraft. After all, it was in 1952 that the first commercial ‘jetliner’ entered service, the BOAC Comet 1, built by De Haviland and which could carry 36 passengers.

The paradigm shift to reliability-centred maintenance (RCM)

The 1960s and 1970s saw the introduction of what became known as reliability-centred maintenance (RCM). Initially unique to and pioneered by the airline industry, RCM placed appreciably greater emphasis on maintaining the inherent reliability of components rather than adhering strictly to time-based schedules. This approach differed considerably to previous MRO practices as it recognised that some components degraded predictably while other components were prone to failure on a random basis. One must remember that we are talking about a time where parts’ design and manufacturing processes were such that, as with all new technology at the time, there was a propensity for the structural failure of a small percentage of parts over time for reasons other than wear and tear. 

In 1970, Boeing’s 747, the ‘Jumbo Jet’, first entered into commercial service with Pan Am, and overnight, RCM became a cornerstone of the Maintenance Steering Group (MSG) approach, which was first applied to this aircraft. The MSG framework outlined systematic processes to determine optimal maintenance tasks, focusing on safety and cost-effectiveness. So ground-breaking and effective at the time, this methodology is still used today together with continuous updates to address the ever-changing challenges of the aviation sector.

The digital revolution has ushered in massive technological changes

It was in the 1990s that technological advancements saw a virtual avalanche of changes that helped to totally revolutionise component maintenance. The driving forces behind many of these changes was the search for materials that would minimise weight and maximise structural performance, improve damage tolerance and corrosion resistance, as well as reduce manufacturing and maintenance costs. Consequently, new materials introduced into aircraft structures included:

Carbon fibre composites which were used in secondary structures like engine cowlings and undercarriage doors. Carbon fibre-reinforced plastic was used in the A310, while the 787 Dreamliner was the first large commercial aircraft to use carbon composite in more than half of its fuselage. Additionally, we had other new materials such as aluminium-lithium alloys and superplastically (SPF)/diffusion bonded (DB) titanium, the latter being a new material that was likely to be used in aircraft structure. We also had polymer matrix composites, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and phenolic composites which were used in aircraft cabins as those composites were resistant to chemicals, heat, and fire.

Along with new materials came new MRO procedures and techniques including non-destructive Testing (NDT) such as ultrasonic, radiographic, and eddy current testing which enabled the detection of defects without dismantling components. While the integration of digital avionics systems improved diagnostics and troubleshooting, reducing maintenance time and costs, computerised maintenance management systems (CMMs) streamlined maintenance planning, tracking and documentation, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.

The Age of Predictive Maintenance

More recently, predictive maintenance has emerged as the gold standard in aircraft component maintenance. Powered by data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT), predictive maintenance uses real-time data to anticipate component failures before they occur. Three key developments include health monitoring systems where today’s aircraft are now equipped with sensors that monitor the performance of critical systems and components, enabling early detection of anomalies. The introduction of big data analytics now means airlines and MRO providers can leverage vast amounts of operational data to identify patterns and predict maintenance needs. Finally, we have 3-D printing, a relatively new technology which facilitates the rapid production of replacement parts, reducing lead times and inventory costs.

Regulatory and Environmental Considerations

As the aviation industry evolves, maintenance practices are increasingly shaped by regulatory and environmental concerns. Stringent emissions regulations have driven innovations in engine maintenance, while sustainable practices, such as recycling components, are gaining traction. Regulatory bodies like the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the FAA continue to update maintenance standards to keep pace with technological advancements.

Challenges and Future Directions

Despite progress, challenges remain. The global shortage of skilled technicians poses a significant hurdle, as does the complexity of integrating new technologies with existing systems. Looking ahead, advancements in AI, digital twins, and blockchain are expected to further enhance the efficiency and reliability of component maintenance.

As we have seen, the development of aircraft component maintenance reflects the broader evolution of aviation. From reactive repairs to predictive strategies, each era has contributed to safer, more reliable, and cost-effective air travel. As technology continues to advance, the future of aircraft component maintenance promises even greater innovation, ensuring that aviation remains one of the safest modes of transportation.

Share this Article
Thursday September 4, 2025
WestJet aircraft order Boeing
Boeing and WestJet have announced that the Canadian airline will purchase 67 additional Boeing aircraft—comprising 60 737-10 jets with, options for 25 more, along with seven 787-9 jets,with options for four more—bringing its confirmed order to 123 as it ex... Read More »
Thursday September 4, 2025
CFM56-7B engine JALCo
Jordan Airmotive (JALCo) has announced the further expansion of its cooperation with Aeolus Engine Services, a provider of aviation leasing and asset management. Under this agreement, the first CFM56-7B engine from the programme has been fully overhauled and d... Read More »
Thursday September 4, 2025
Frank Haberkamp MTU Maintenace
MTU Maintenance has appointed Frank Haberkamp as Managing Director of MTU Maintenance Serbia, effective from September 1 2025. He succeeds Rainer Becker, who has been with the facility since the project phase and, following a handover period, will return to th... Read More »
Thursday September 4, 2025
Etihad Airways
Etihad Airways has reported its best-ever half-year performance, achieving record profits and passenger numbers in the first six months of 2025. The results highlight sustained momentum in network growth, operational efficiency, and an enhanced customer experi... Read More »
Thursday September 4, 2025
Cyclean Engine Wash LHT
Lufthansa Technik expanded its Cyclean Engine Wash solution across Europe through a new partnership with ACC Columbia Jet Service. As of August, ACC Columbia Jet Service started providing on-site engine core wash services for commercial aircraft as an authoriz... Read More »
Thursday September 4, 2025
GKN Aerospace
GKN Aerospace has announced the expansion of its Newington, Connecticut facility with a new production line dedicated to additive manufacturing of the fan case mount ring (FCMR), a vital component of the Pratt & Whitney GTF engine that powers the Airbus A2... Read More »
Wednesday September 3, 2025
Emirates A380 © Amedeo
Amedeo has disclosed the successful closing of the sale of two Airbus A380-861 aircraft to Emirates. These transactions mark the first stage of a broader four-aircraft agreement, with the remaining closings scheduled to take place in the fourth quarter of 2025... Read More »
Wednesday September 3, 2025
FutureWorks TAT Technologies
TAT Technologies, a provider of aerospace thermal management and MRO solutions, has announced the establishment of FutureWorks, its Centre for Aerospace Innovation, based in Charlotte, North Carolina. FutureWorks represents a bold step forward in TAT’s missi... Read More »
Wednesday September 3, 2025
Sumitomo, SMBC, Apollo, Brookfield acquire Air Lease Corporation Shutterstock
Sumitomo Corporation, SMBC Aviation Capital, Apollo, and Brookfield have announced their definitive agreement to acquire Air Lease Corporation (Air Lease), a aircraft lessor founded by Steven F. Udvar-Házy and John L. Plueger, with a portfolio primarily compr... Read More »
Wednesday September 3, 2025
Atlas Air and Bain Capital launch TAI 2
Titan Aviation Leasing, a subsidiary of Atlas Air Worldwide, and Bain Capital, have announced the closing of Titan Aircraft Investments II (TAI 2), a new freighter aircraft investment platform. TAI 2 launches with a capital commitment of US$410 million from Ba... Read More »
Wednesday September 3, 2025
Virgin Australia E190-E2 Embraer
Azorra has delivered the first new Embraer E190-E2 twin-engine passenger aircraft to Virgin Australia, marking a new airline partnership for the lessor and the introduction of the type with a major airline group in Australia. Virgin Australia Regional Airlines... Read More »
Wednesday September 3, 2025
Collins Aerospace
Collins Aerospace is expanding its facility in Tajęcina, Poland, to increase production of landing gear systems for key commercial and defence aircraft. The 4,000 m² expansion will strengthen RTX’s operational capabilities in Poland. The company currently ... Read More »
Wednesday September 3, 2025
TUI Boeing 737-8 aircraft from BOC Aviation AirTeamImages
Aircraft Leasing & Management (ALM), has confirmed the purchase by Fuyo of two Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft from BOC Aviation (BOCA). The aircraft, bearing registration numbers PH-TFT (MSN 44610) and PH-TFU (MSN 44652), are currently on lease to TUI Airlines.... Read More »
Tuesday September 2, 2025
Macquarie AirFinance orders 30 737 MAXs Boeing
Macquarie AirFinance has acquired 30 Boeing 737-8 aircraft, marking the company’s second direct order with Boeing. This strategic expansion reflects growing airline demand for fuel-efficient aircraft, driven by rising passenger traffic and a stronger focus o... Read More »
Tuesday September 2, 2025
BCT Aviation Maintenance
BCT Aviation Maintenance has announced two new line maintenance contracts at East Midlands Airport (EMA), after significant growth in cargo operations at its home base. Having recently begun freighter flights on behalf of Chinese logistics firm YunExpress, ope... Read More »
Tuesday September 2, 2025
Dash-8 Q400 turboprop NJE
National Jet Express (NJE) has announced the acquisition of two additional De Havilland Dash 8 Q400 turboprop aircraft. This development, which was foreshadowed earlier in the year, reinforces NJE’s commitment to expanding its operational capacity and streng... Read More »
Tuesday September 2, 2025
Boeing 737-800 Norwegian
Deucalion Aviation has confirmed the long-term lease extension of two Boeing 737-800 aircraft with Norwegian Airlines, effective from August 21st 2025. The extension strengthens an already well-established relationship between the global aviation asset manager... Read More »
Tuesday September 2, 2025
A321neo SalamAir
SalamAir has announced the arrival of its 15th aircraft, a new Airbus A321neo, named “Barr Al Hikman” after the renowned coastal area in the Sultanate of Oman, often called the “Maldives of the Middle East” for its natural beauty and rich wildl... Read More »
Tuesday September 2, 2025
A330 Brussels Airlines
HAECO has signed a new base maintenance agreement with Brussels Airlines. Beginning in September 2025, HAECO will support the airline’s Airbus A330 fleet at its 22-bay hangar facilities at Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA). The agreement will run for th... Read More »
Monday September 1, 2025
Setna iO
Landing Gear Technologies (LGT), has announced the sale of a majority stake in the company to Setna iO, an established aircraft parts supplier headquartered in Chicago. The strategic transaction is intended to accelerate LGT’s growth whilst safeguarding its ... Read More »
AviTrader aviation news

2025 MEDIA KIT

VP Sales & Business Development Americas
Tamar Jorssen
tamar.jorssen@avitrader.com
Phone: +1 (778) 213 8543
VP International Sales & Marketing
Malte Tamm
malte.tamm@avitrader.com
Phone: +49 (0)162 8263049

Subscribe to the most widely accepted news source in the aviation industry!


Free Daily, Weekly and MRO Publications delivered to your Inbox!
News Alerts, Editorials, Marketplace, Executive Interviews +more

Select publications:

*we respect your privacy and AviTrader will not share your email address to any 3rd Parties.